Seismic and Electrical Geophysical Characterization of an Incipient Coastal Open‐System Pingo: Lagoon Pingo, Svalbard

AbstractWhilst there has been a recent appreciation for the role of open‐system pingos in providing a fluid‐flow conduit through continuous permafrost that enables methane release, the formation and internal structure of these ubiquitous permafrost‐diagnostic landforms remains unclear. Here, we combine active‐source seismic measurements with electrical resistivity tomography to investigate the structural and subsurface characteristics of an incipient open‐system pingo actively emitting methane within the glacio‐isostatically uplifting fjord valley of Adventdalen, Svalbard. Wavefront inversion of seismic refractions delineate a spatially heterogeneous active layer, whilst deeper reflections identify the lithological boundaries between marine sediments and underlying shales at ∼68 m depth (p‐wave velocity of ∼1,790 ms−1). Low geometric mean inverted resistivities of 40–150 Ωm highlight the dominance of saline permafrost, whilst elevated resistivities (∼2 kΩm) occur close to the groundwater spring and in heaved areas around the pingo. Based on our results, we speculate that segregation ice dominates the pingo structure, given the absence of a notable resistivity contrast characteristic of injection ice that is typically expected within early open‐system pingo formation, and provides the most plausible geomorphic agent within the local fine‐grained sedimentology. Our results thereby indicate that sediment grain size and moisture availability can provide important controls on pingo formation. This study shows that open‐system pingos in coastal, saline permafrost environments may form differently, with implications for localized permafrost structure, its permeability to underlying gas reservoirs and consequent methane release.