Charles Brockden Brown

Charles Brockden Brown (b. 1771–d. 1810), America’s first novelist, was born into a Philadelphia Quaker family and experienced all the tumult of the Revolutionary era. He attended the Friends Latin School and apprenticed at the law office of Alexander Wilcocks. He later joined a law society and a Belles Lettres Club, where he developed a love of debate. His growing disillusionment with the practice of law and his commitment to being the “champion of injustice” (Clark 1952, 31, cited under Contemporary Reviews) caused him to turn to teaching at the Friends Grammar School and, ultimately, to the pursuit of literary interests. Between 1793 and 1798, Brown read widely, finding himself attracted to ideas that inspired the French Revolution and to radical English Jacobin writers such as William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft. His trips to New York City and his involvement with the Friendly Club, which included literary intellectuals such as William Dunlap, Timothy Dwight, Elihu Hubbard Smith, and William Johnson, were followed by a two-year stay in New York. Under these influences, in March 1798 he published Alcuin, a fictional dialogue on women’s rights and education. During this time, as the French Revolution spilled over into the Haitian Revolution, Brown composed and published seven novels (or “romances,” as he understood them) that variously use Gothic and sentimental elements: Wieland; or The Transformation (1798), Ormond; or The Secret Witness (1799), Arthur Mervyn; or, Memoirs of the Year 1793 (1799–1800), Memoirs of Stephen Calvert (serialized 1799–1800), Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (1799), Clara Howard; in a Series of Letters (1801), and Jane Talbot; a Novel (1801), as he pivoted toward political pamphlet writing, history writing, and periodical editing. He then edited and contributed to The Monthly Magazine and American Review (1799–1800) and The Literary Magazine and American Register (1803–1807), even as he published pamphlets on the Louisiana Purchase. In 1804 he married Elizabeth Linn, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister, which led to his dismissal from the local denomination of Quakers. His editing of The American Register, or General Repository of History, Politics, and Science (1807–1809) was accompanied by a political pamphlet critical of Jefferson’s Embargo in 1809. Brown died of tuberculosis in 1810 at the age of thirty-nine. Although regarded as a “genius” by Hawthorne and others, his reputation waned until Cold War literary critics highlighted the psychological dimensions of his novels. Eventually, beginning in the 1980s, the New Historicism and critical approaches that interrogated hierarchies of race, class, gender and sexuality, and nationhood displaced the aesthetic unity of the New Critics, which viewed Brown’s novels as having flawed plots and symbolism. Today, Brown’s letters, novels, poetry, political pamphlets, essays, historical sketches, and other writings are closely studied for their insights into Atlantic world culture, late Enlightenment progressive thinking, and the nexus of historical and fictional writing.