Syncope

This chapter details the epidemiology, clinical spectrum, and major causes of syncope. There is a conceptual framework of the physiology behind syncope and a discussion about cerebral blood flow. Particular attention is given to understanding neurocardiogenic syncope, which is the commonest cause. It looks at the latest physiological understanding of syncope and the importance of clinical context which enables risk stratification and facilitates diagnosis of the causes and hence management of syncope. National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines, their effective use are emphasized, and the importance of understanding the differences between single and multiple syncopal events is detailed. A brief discussion about the role of neurophysiology in syncope and treatment approaches follows.