Research Status of Advanced Prediction for Water and Mud Inrush in Karst Tunnels

In the construction of tunnel engineering, adverse geological disasters such as water and mud inrush are frequently encountered, which tend to cause severe consequences including construction delay, casualties and economic losses. Therefore, it is crucial to conduct advanced prediction of water and mud inrush disasters. This paper summarizes the failure mechanism of water and mud inrush in tunnels and analyzes its influencing factors. Commonly used advanced prediction technologies and methods for tunnel water and mud inrush are introduced in detail, including the TSP geological prediction method, ground penetrating radar (GPR), infrared water detection, terrestrial sonar method, and transient electromagnetic method. According to the applicability and accuracy of these advanced prediction technologies, their specific applicable engineering conditions are summarized. Based on the latest theories and methods for water and mud inrush testing, cutting-edge achievements in water and mud inrush prediction are presented. New detection methods such as CT technology, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and multi-homogeneous source array resistivity detection are elaborated in detail.