Helmets from the 13th century

Illustration of knights' helmets from the 13th century, from the book 'History of the Costume of Peoples Through the Centuries' by Paolo Lorenzini, Nerbini Publishing House, Florence, 1934. It is noted from the handwritten statutes of Ferrara from 1268 and a later one from the Republic of Modena that each soldier was required to have a cassettum, greaves and shin guards, iron gloves, an iron cap or helmet, a helm, lance, and shield, as well as a sword, spontoon, dagger, and a good horse saddle. The image shows a tournament helmet, a horned crest, a winged crest, a royal crest, and a chainmail cap. The king’s helm was gold, that of dukes and counts was silver, gentlemen's were steel, and others' were iron.