Shields from 13th century

Illustration of shields from the 13th century from the book "History of Costumes of Peoples Throughout the Centuries" by Paolo Lorenzini, Nerbini Publishing House, Florence, 1934.. It is noted from the handwritten statutes of Ferrara from 1268 and a later one from the Republic of Modena that each soldier was required to have a cassettum, greaves and shin guards, iron gloves, an iron cap or helmet, a helm, lance, and shield, as well as a sword, spontoon, dagger, and a good horse saddle. The shields generally used by Italians were the scudo, rotella, brocchiere, targa, and pavese (from the city of Pavia), varying by shape and material (they could be made of copper, steel, wood, and leather).