Mass Production and Field Application of Some Parasitoids in Egypt

In the Arab Republic of Egypt, work was done to study some aphid species, Nezara viridula whitefly, and Sesamia cretica infestation-associated parasitoids with aphid species. Diaeretiella rapae emerged as a major parasitoid of aphid species. All parasitoids that emerged from collected egg masses of Nezara viridula were identified as Trissolcus megalocephalus. The general means of parasitism were 21.84 and 29.61% in the 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Incidentally, both Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus mundus were the most effective biocontrol agents of B. tabaci, respectively. The comparable findings were the same Bracon brevicornis as a native primary gregarious ectoparasitoid that targets Sesamia cretica, Ostrinia nubilalis, Chilo agamemnon, Helicoerpa armigera, and Pectinophora gossypiella were detailed. Not only was longevity affected by temperature and food, but also, the female bias in offspring production was affected, not the host species. Further to illustrate the repeatability of this behavioral response of the parasitoid at different host densities these parasitoids were also chlorinated. A higher host density led to shorter host-searching and initial sting durations, but a higher number of stings and mummies were obtained according to both results obtained from the study held. This study pinpointed the role of some parasitoids as a pest control method in greenhouses and open fields. Moreover, this aphid parasitoid is not always efficient pest control when aphids are at higher population densities. Therefore, it is concluded that where these parasitoids are used as biological control agents, they should be used in environments with low host densities.