Assessment of maternal and fetal outcomes in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a type of medical complication of pregnancy which appears due to intolerance to glucose initially identified during pregnancy. It causes a lot of maternal morbidity and poor fetal outcomes. Maternal and neonatal consequences remain an important understanding to enhance screening, maximize management, and reduce short-term and long-term complications. Objective: To Compare Maternal And Fetal Outcomes Among Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus With Respect To Pregnancy Complications, Neonatal Morbidities And Identify Relevant Clinical Relationships That Should Underscore Preventive And Management Interventions. Study design: A Prospective Study. Place and duration of study: Department Of Gynae-Obs Khalifa  Gulnawaz Hospital Bannu From January 2023 to January 2024 Methods: This was prospective study that involved pregnant women who were found to have GDM based on WHO. Maternal characteristics, clinical history, pregnancy complications, delivery and neonatal outcomes were noted. The postprandial blood glucose and fasting were measured. Mean +- standard deviation statistical analysis was done and p-value below 0.05 was regarded as significant. The results were compared between the GDM and non-GDM population to identify associations and clinical significance. Results: One hundred pregnant women with GDM were enrolled. Mean maternal age of the sample was 29.4 +- 4.2 years. In 21% of the cases it was found to have hypertensive disorders and in 48 cases, Cesarean deliveries were made. Neonatal complications were  macrosomia (15), hypoglycemia (12), and respiratory distress (8). The GDM was statistically significantly related to the rates of cesarean section compared to the non-GDM controls (p = 0.032). Likewise, neonatal hypoglycemia was much higher in the GDM group (p = 0.021). The results show that maternal and neonatal risks in relation to GDM are greater, and timely diagnosis and proper management approaches should be considered. Conclusion: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is linked to risky hypertensive disorders, operative deliveries, and unfavorable neonatal symptoms including  macrosomia and hypoglycemia. The paper cites the significance of early diagnosis, the importance of glycemic control and extensive antenatal care as a way of enhancing maternal and fetal outcome. Both the mother and child should be followed up in the long term since GDM pre-disposes to the development of metabolic related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.