The Soviet Presence in Hungary from the Second World War to the Change of Regime

This study examines the multilayered Soviet presence in Hungary from 1944 to 1991, tracing its political, military, economic, and ideological dimensions. It analyses how Allied decisions during 1943-45 placed Hungary firmly within the Soviet sphere of influence, shaping the country’s post-war trajectory. The study details the destructive impact of the occupation, including mass deportations and systemic violence, and shows how Soviet control was institutionalised through the Allied Control Commission, the stationing of troops, and the empowerment of the Hungarian Communist Party. The author explores the mechanisms of Sovietisation, including the advisor system, intelligence penetration, economic extraction, and political coercion. Special attention is given to the 1956 Revolution, Soviet decision-making, and the re-establishment of control under János Kádár. The paper follows the evolution of Hungarian-Soviet relations during the Kádár era, highlighting tensions over reforms and foreign policy. Finally, it analyses the gradual erosion of Soviet dominance under Gorbachev and the rapid disintegration of the socialist bloc, culminating in the withdrawal of Soviet troops and the end of regime.