Influence Of Release Angle And Release Height On Free Throw Accuracy In Basketball

Background: Free-throw performance is a critical skill in basketball that can significantly influence game outcomes. Biomechanical factors such as release angle and release height play an important role in determining shooting accuracy. However, variations in anthropometric characteristics, particularly player height, may affect these release parameters and overall free-throw success. Therefore, examining the interaction between release mechanics and player stature is essential for optimizing shooting technique. Methods: Thirty right-handed university-level male basketball players participated in the study and were divided into three groups according to their height: Group 1 (165–175 cm), Group 2 (175–185 cm), and Group 3 (185–195 cm). Each participant attempted 20 free throws under three different release angle conditions: below 45°, between 45°–55°, and above 60°. Ball release mechanics were recorded using two-dimensional video analysis at 60 frames per second, and release angle as well as release height were calculated using Kinovea motion analysis software. The Shapiro–Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data distribution. To determine differences among the three height groups under different release angle conditions, one-way ANOVA was applied, followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc analysis where appropriate. The level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: The results revealed statistically significant differences in free-throw accuracy among the three height groups across all release angle conditions. The highest shooting accuracy was consistently observed within the 45°–55° release angle range for all groups. Taller players (Groups 2 and 3) demonstrated significantly greater free-throw accuracy compared to shorter players (Group 1). However, no statistically significant difference was found between Groups 2 and 3. Additionally, shooting accuracy declined significantly when the release angle was below 45° or above 60° across all groups. These findings indicate that both release angle and release height play a crucial role in determining free-throw performance. Conclusion: The findings indicate that both release angle and release height significantly influence free-throw accuracy. An optimal release angle between 45° and 55°, combined with a higher release point, provides biomechanical advantages that enhance shooting consistency. The study highlights the importance of individualized technique optimization based on player anthropometry and provides practical implications for basketball coaching and performance training.