Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Study of Nanoporous Hydroxyapatite Doped with Euphorbia tirucalli L. Extract

This study investigates the characterization, and biomedical potential of Euphorbia tirucalli L. (E.tirucalli L.)  extract, focusing on its bioactive compounds, antibacterial properties, and incorporation into hydroxyapatite (HA) for biomedical applications. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis confirmed gallic acid as the predominant phenolic compound in the extract (557.9 ± 8.3 mg/g). Antibacterial testing revealed that DHA 25% exhibited the highest inhibition zones against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (7.07 ± 0.41 cm²) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) (3.14 ± 0.51 cm²), indicating enhanced antibacterial activity at higher doping concentrations. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that DHA 25% promoted cell proliferation (120.0 ± 5.3% on day 7), confirming its biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that E.tirucalli L. doping affected HA crystallinity, potentially improving bioresorption and osteoconductivity. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the successful incorporation of E.tirucalli L. into HA, while Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) showed increased agglomeration and reduced porosity at higher doping concentrations. The integration of E. tirucalli L. extract into HA introduces natural bioactive compounds, such as gallic acid, that enhance antibacterial, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties beyond conventional inorganic doping approaches.  In conclusion, E. tirucalli L.-doped hydroxyapatite demonstrates great potential for applications in bone regeneration and implant technology due to its enhanced antibacterial and biocompatible properties, with the possibility of future exploration for controlled drug release applications.