Efficient subtyping tests with PQ-encoding

Subtyping test , i.e., determining whether one type is a subtype of another, are a frequent operation during the execution of object-oriented programs. The challenge is in encoding the hierarchy in a small space, while simulataneously making sure that subtyping tests have efficient implmentation. We present a new scheme for encoding multiple and single inheritance hierarchies, which, in the standardized hierarchies, reduces the footprint of all previsously published schemes. The scheme is called PQ-encoding after PQ-trees , a data structure previously used in graph theory for finding the orderings that satisfy a collection of constraints. In particular, we show that in the traditional object layout model, the extra memory requirement for single inheritance hierarchies is zero. In the PQ-encoding subtyping tests are constant time, and use only two comparisons. Other than PQ-trees, PQ-encoding uses several novel optimization techniques. These techniques are applicable also in improving the performance of otehr, previously published, encoding schemes.