Role of adipose tissue in cardiovascular health and diseases

Abstract Adipose tissue is a complex endocrine organ that critically regulates cardiovascular health and disease. Different adipose depots vary in location and function, exerting distinct physiological and pathological effects on the cardiovascular system. This review examines the roles of three key depots: (1) epicardial adipose tissue (EpAT), (2) perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), and (3) bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT). We also focus on the functional differentiation of adipose tissue based on its anatomical location to provide a robust understanding of its diverse impacts on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We further explore pharmacological interventions targeting adiposity and obesity, including their mechanisms, clinical applications, and therapeutic potential in CVD management. By elucidating the intricate interactions between adipose depot dynamics and cardiovascular pathology, this work highlights emerging research directions and underscores the need for adipose-specific strategies in cardiovascular therapeutics.