Video annotation tools for assessing psychomotor skills in nursing education: A scoping review

Video annotation tools can improve assessments by enabling visualization, repeated reviews, and structured feedback, thereby promoting deeper learning. This approach is particularly relevant in health professional education, where acquiring psychomotor skills is essential. No recent reviews have focused specifically on video annotation tools for assessing psychomotor skills in nursing education. This scoping review explores tools that facilitate feedback and assessment of psychomotor performances, with a focus on those customizable for nursing-specific psychomotor skills. Included studies are published in peer-reviewed journals and utilize software that allows for annotation of psychomotor performances, integration of feedback criteria and customization for nursing education. Studies employing video annotation tools solely for machine learning algorithms or for non-psychomotor performances are excluded. Literature searches were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science Core collection, CINAHL via EBSCO, Scopus, EuropePMC, CENTRAL via Cochrane Library, ERIC via OVID, FiS Bildung, SportDiscus via EBSCO, IEEE and ACM digital library. Additional searches included snowballing and Google. The initial screening identified 18 video annotation tools. Following a second screening phase, seven tools were excluded due to the absence of essential features, such as support for multiple camera angles or isochronic annotation. Ultimately, we highlight four customizable tools that are particularly relevant to nursing education. This scoping review provides a springboard for the development of a tailored video annotation tool that builds on existing software. The aim of such a tool will be to streamline feedback and assessment processes, enhance learning outcomes for nursing students, and provide nursing lecturers with an efficient, practice-aligned solution.