The historical development of maoshan haozi Chinese folk song in Jiangsu Province, China

This study investigates the historical development of Maoshan Haozi, a traditional folk song originating from Xinghua City in Jiangsu Province, China. A qualitative research methodology was adopted, with field interviews and participant observations employed as the primary tools for data collection. Informants were interviewed on-site, and the data collected were systematically analyzed to uncover the transformation of this folk tradition. It has been found that Maoshan Haozi originated in the Neolithic era as rhythmic shouts used during collective labor, and over time, these evolved into musical expressions deeply embedded in agricultural life. Influences from successive waves of regional migration were absorbed, resulting in a unique blend of cultural elements that shaped Maoshan Haozi into a form marked by both strength and lyrical gentleness. Musically, Maoshan Haozi employs the pentatonic scale, structured melodies, distinct rhythms, and a call-and-response format. Based on musical structure and labor function, the songs have been classified into long and short forms as well as various types, such as Cheshui Haozi, Zaiyang Haozi, and Niu Haozi. As industrialization and urbanization progressed, Maoshan Haozi was adapted for stage performance, leading to changes in melody, tempo, vocal technique, and accompaniment. Despite its inclusion in the national intangible cultural heritage list in 2011 and ongoing educational initiatives, its sustainability remains challenged by generational gaps, reduced youth engagement, and concerns over cultural dilution through digital adaptation. Nevertheless, the preservation and revitalization of Maoshan Haozi have been facilitated through government support, community involvement, and integration into school curricula. This study contributes to ethnomusicological discourse by emphasizing the importance of adaptive strategies in maintaining the cultural integrity of traditional folk music within contemporary contexts.