Editorial

  CHIEF EDITOR Ahmad Faris Ismail, IIUM, Malaysia TECHNICAL EDITOR Khairul Azami Sidek, IIUM, Malaysia EXECUTIVE EDITOR Teddy Surya Gunawan, IIUM, Malaysia ASSOCIATE EDITOR Nor Farahidah Za’bah, IIUM, Malaysia LANGUAGE EDITOR Lynn Mason, Malaysia COPY EDITOR Aliza ‘Aini Md Ralib, IIUM, MalaysiaSuriza Ahmad Zabidi, IIUM, Malaysia MALAY TRANSLATOR Nurul Arfah Che Mustapha, IIUM, Malaysia   EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Abdullah Al-Mamun, IIUM, MalaysiaAbdumalik Rakhimov, IIUM, MalaysiaAishah Najiah Dahnel, IIUM, MalaysiaAlya Naili Rozhan, IIUM, MalaysiaAni Liza Asnawi, IIUM, MalaysiaHanafi Ani, IIUM, MalaysiaHanafy Omar, Saudi ArabiaHuda Adibah Mohd. Ramli, IIUM, MalaysiaKonstantin Khanin, University of Toronto, CanadaMa'an Al-Khatib, IIUM, MalaysiaMeftah Hrairi, IIUM, MalaysiaMohamed B. Trabia, United StatesMohammad S. Alam, Texas A&M University-Kingsville, United StatesMohd Sultan Ibrahim Shaik Dawood, IIUM, MalaysiaMustafizur Rahman, National University Singapore, SingaporeNoorasikin Samat, IIUM, MalaysiaNor Fadhillah Mohamed Azmin, IIUM, MalaysiaNorsinnira Zainul Azlan, IIUM, MalaysiaOssama Abdulkhalik, Michigan Technological University, United StatesWaqar Asrar, IIUM, Malaysia INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Anwar, United StatesAbdul Latif Bin Ahmad, MalaysiaFarzad Ismail, USM, Pulau Pinang, MalaysiaHanafy Omar, Saudi ArabiaHany Ammar, United StatesIdris Mohammed Bugaje, NigeriaK.B. Ramachandran, India KunzuAbdella, CanadaLuis Le Moyne, ISAT, University of Burgundy, FranceM Mujtaba, United KingdomMohamed AI-Rubei, IrelandMohamed B Trabia, United StatesSyed Kamrul Islam, United StatesTibor Czigany, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, HungaryYiu-Wing Mai, The University of Sydney, Australia. AIMS & SCOPE OF IIUMENGINEERING JOURNAL The IIUM Engineering Journal, published biannually (January and July), is a carefully refereed international publication of the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). Contributions of high technical merit within the span of engineering disciplines covering the main areas of engineering: Electrical and Computer Engineering; Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering; Automation and Mechatronics Engineering; Material and Chemical Engineering; Environmental and Civil Engineering; Biotechnology and Bioengineering; Engineering Mathematics and Physics; and Computer Science and Information Technology are considered for publication in this journal. Contributions from other areas of engineering and applied science are also welcome. The IIUM Engineering Journal publishes contributions under Regular papers and Invited review papers. It also welcomes contributions that address solutions to the specific challenges of the developing world, as well as science and technology issues, from an Islamic and multidisciplinary perspective.   REFEREES’ NETWORK All papers submitted to the IIUM Engineering Journal will be subjected to a rigorous reviewing process through a worldwide network of specialized and competent referees. Each accepted paper should have at least two positive referees’ assessments. SUBMISSION OF A MANUSCRIPT A manuscript should be submitted online to the IIUM-Engineering Journal website at https://journals.iium.edu.my/ejournal. The journal website can also be used for further correspondence on the paper's status.   Whilst every effort is made by the publisher and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this Journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisement herein are the responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publisher and the editorial committee accept no liability whatsoever for the consequence of any such inaccurate or misleading data, opinion, or statement. IIUM Engineering Journal ISSN: 1511-788X  E-ISSN: 2289-7860 Published by:IIUM Press,International Islamic University MalaysiaJalan Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaPhone (+603) 6421-5014, Fax: (+603) 6421-6298