Vestibulomotor Weighting Associated with Cybersickness in Virtual Reality

Cybersickness is a major barrier to the widespread adoption of virtual reality (VR), yet its underlying neurophysiological mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between vestibulomotor weighting and cybersickness. Vestibulomotor weighting was quantified using electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS), with coherence and gain between the EVS input and medial–lateral center–of–pressure (ML–CoP) responses indexing the contribution of vestibular input to postural control. Thirty-eight healthy young adults (females n=21, males n=17) completed a standing VR rollercoaster task while receiving continuous stochastic EVS (0—25 Hz; ±4.5 mA), with ML–CoP responses recorded using a force plate. Cybersickness was assessed using the Fast Motion Sickness Scale (FMS) and Simulator Sickness Questionnaire, and participants were classified as non-sick (FMS < 5), medium-sick (FMS ≥ 5), or high-sick (terminated the VR exposure early due to intolerance). Baseline EVS–ML–CoP coherence across 2.5—8 Hz was significantly greater in high-sick than in non–sick participants, indicating elevated vestibulomotor weighting in individuals who developed symptoms. During VR exposure, coherence declined over time in symptomatic groups (mean slope = −0.0027 for medium-sick), whereas non-sick participants maintained consistently low coherence (mean slope = −0.0005). Despite this reduction in vestibular coupling, postural sway increased in the high-sick group relative to the medium- and non-sick groups (+29% vs. −7% and −30% change in ML-CoP RMS, respectively), while vestibular-evoked response amplitude decreased (gain reduced by 64% across 2.5—3.5 Hz). These findings indicate that greater baseline vestibulomotor weighting was associated with increased susceptibility to cybersickness, whereas reductions in vestibular contributions during VR with EVS reflected adaptive reweighting that was insufficient to prevent instability and symptom progression. Together, the results highlight baseline sensory reliance as a key determinant of cybersickness vulnerability and suggest that reweighting during exposure plays a secondary, mitigating role.