Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gastrointestinal Helminth Infections in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria

This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors associated with gastrointestinal helminth infections in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) in Borno State, Northeastern Nigeria. A total of 650 turkeys were sampled from five Local Government Areas (LGAs) across the state, employing a purposive non-probability sampling technique over a 12-month period, spanning both rainy and dry seasons. The study population included turkeys of both sexes, of various age groups reared under free-range and intensive management systems, with faecal samples collected from farms, while gastrointestinal tracts after post-mortem from live poultry markets and veterinary hospitals. Gastrointestinal tracts and faecal samples were examined for adults and ova of nematodes and cestodes using standard parasitological methods. The overall prevalence of nematode infections was 41.2%, with Ascaridia galli being the most common (17.7%), followed by Heterakis gallinarum (13.1%), Capillaria spp. (6.8%), and Strongyloides avium (3.7%). Cestode infections were detected in 14.3% of turkeys, predominantly Raillietina tetragona (6.8%), Choanotaenia infundibulum (3.8%), and Davainea proglottina (2.8%). Mixed infections were found in 11.5% of turkeys. Free-range turkeys exhibited significantly higher prevalence of nematodes (56.3%) and mixed infections (20.6%) compared to intensively managed birds (25.2% and 2.5%, respectively) (p < 0.0001). Seasonal variation was significant, with a higher prevalence during the rainy season (61.8%) compared to the dry season (20.6%) (p < 0.0001). Age and sex were also significant factors, with adult and female turkeys having higher rates of helminth infections. This study highlights the substantial burden of gastrointestinal helminths in turkeys, with management systems, season, age, and sex identified as critical risk factors. The findings underscore the need for improved management practices and targeted control measures to mitigate the impact of helminthiasis on turkey health and productivity in the region.