TRIM32: A Multifunctional Protein Involved in Muscle Homeostasis, Glucose Metabolism, and Tumorigenesis

Human tripartite motif family of proteins 32 (TRIM32) is a ubiquitous multifunctional protein that has demonstrated roles in differentiation, muscle physiology and regeneration, and tumor suppression. Mutations in TRIM32 result in two clinically diverse diseases. A mutation in the B-box domain gives rise to Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS), a disease whose clinical presentation shares no muscle pathology, while mutations in the NHL (NCL-1, HT2A, LIN-41) repeats of TRIM32 causes limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2H (LGMD2H). TRIM32 also functions as a tumor suppressor, but paradoxically is overexpressed in certain types of cancer. Recent evidence supports a role for TRIM32 in glycolytic-mediated cell growth, thus providing a possible mechanism for TRIM32 in the accumulation of cellular biomass during regeneration and tumorigenesis, including in vitro and in vivo approaches, to understand the broad spectrum of TRIM32 functions. A special emphasis is placed on the utility of the Drosophila model, a unique system to study glycolysis and anabolic pathways that contribute to the growth and homeostasis of both normal and tumor tissues.