Functional regulation of an intrinsically disordered protein via a conformationally excited state

Abstract A longstanding goal in the field of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDP) is to characterize their structural heterogeneity and pinpoint the role of this heterogeneity in IDP function. Here, we use multinuclear chemical exchange saturation (CEST) NMR to determine the structure of a thermally accessible globally folded excited state in equilibrium with the intrinsically disordered native ensemble of a bacterial transcriptional regulator CytR. We further provide evidence from double resonance CEST experiments that the excited state, which structurally resembles the DNA-bound form of CytR, recognizes DNA by means of a ‘folding-before-binding’ conformational selection pathway. The disorder-to-order regulatory switch in DNA recognition by natively disordered CytR therefore operates through a dynamical variant of the lock-and-key mechanism where the structurally complementary conformation is transiently accessed via thermal fluctuations. One-Sentence Summary The intrinsically disordered cytidine repressor binds DNA via a folding-before-binding conformational selection mechanism