The generalist versus the specialist: the Department of External Affairs

Abstract. This study examines the generalist/specialist controversy in the context of the Canadian Department of External Affairs. Based on survey data with respect to the rotational foreign service officers in the department, the article demonstrates that while in the 1970s External Affairs is still recruiting with the generalist diplomat in mind, a substantial degree of at least partial specialization has developed within its ranks. After establishing that the basic existing types of specialization are area, economic and legal, the article proceeds to ascertain the main requirements for specialists based on the amount of officer time devoted to various activities and the proportion of diplomats responsible for Canadian affairs with respect to various regions. It is determined that administration, personnel, economic, aid and area specialists are the types most required. The educational background of diplomats is also analysed and the article recommends the recruitment of more graduates with university training related to the above types of specialization. Greater use of interdepartmental transfers and appointments from outside the public service is also suggested as a means of meeting departmental requirements. It is also noted that many officers themselves recognize the need for increased specialization in the department in the fields identified. Finally, the study refers to certain subsidiary benefits which External Affairs should derive from increased officer specialization.