A systematic review of the neurological effects of Zamzam water

Objective: This systematic review aims to evaluate the existing evidence on the neurological effects of Zamzam water, a religiously significant water source, and provide an overview of its potential benefits and risks. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in electronic databases to identify relevant studies published up to September 2021. Studies examining the neurological effects of Zamzam water in both human and animal models were included. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed following predefined criteria. The findings were synthesized narratively. Results: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The studies investigated various aspects of neurological health, including cognitive function, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory effects, and neuroprotection. The results suggested that Zamzam water consumption may enhance cognitive performance in healthy adults and older adults. Additionally, it exhibited antioxidant properties, with potential implications for neuroprotection. Some studies reported anti-inflammatory effects of Zamzam water in neuronal cells. Animal models demonstrated its neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, concerns were raised regarding potential heavy metal contamination in Zamzam water, which may pose risks to neurological health. Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that Zamzam water may have positive neurological effects, including cognitive enhancement, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and neuroprotection. However, the findings should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of studies and heterogeneity of methodologies. Concerns about heavy metal contamination in Zamzam water warrant further investigation. Future research should focus on conducting well-designed randomized controlled trials to establish the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosage of Zamzam water for neurological health. Public education initiatives should provide balanced information about the potential benefits and risks of Zamzam water consumption, taking into account its cultural and religious significance.