H5N1 Avian Influenza: Global Circulation and Response Strategies

Review H5N1 Avian Influenza: Global Circulation and Response Strategies Dongmei Wei 1, Xiaoya Wu 1, Heming Chen 1, Kaiyun Chen 1, Ningshao Xia 1,2, Junyu Chen 1,2,* and Yixin Chen 1,2,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Public Health, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China 2 National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biologic Products, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China * Correspondence: 1006337050@qq.com (J.C.), yxchen2008@xmu.edu.cn (Y.C.) Received: 9 September 2024; Revised: 29 September 2024; Accepted: 15 October 2024; Published: 25 October 2024 Abstract: The highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 has garnered global attention due to its high pathogenicity and mortality rates. In recent years, the outbreak of the H5N1 subtype 2.3.4.4b in various mammals has raised concerns about its pandemic potential. This paper reviews the global prevalence and impact of H5N1 virus, explores the current status and challenges in the existing technological platforms for H5N1 vaccine and diagnostic development, and further evaluates the effectiveness and application prospects of current H5N1 therapeutics. This article aims to provide a robust reference to guide the global preparedness for future pandemic potential of avian influenza H5N1.