P akistan, Corrections in

Abstract The criminal justice system in Pakistan is mainly an institutional combination of precolonial and colonial elements. Prisons in each province are categorized into four types, namely central prisons, special prisons, district prisons, and sub‐jails. At present there are 99 prisons in total in Pakistan. In 2012 the total number of prisoners was 74,944 and the incarceration rate was 39 per 10,000. The situation in Pakistan's prisons is very unhealthy; one of the biggest problems is overcrowding. Probation and parole in Pakistan are governed by the Provincial Directorates of Reclamation and Probation, but these two alternative approaches have been neglected in the criminal justice system of Pakistan. Relevant officers are insufficient not only in quantity but also in quality. Professional orientation, conceptual clarity, motivational work environment, innovative correctional skills, and training are all important concerns and need further investment.