Interdisciplinary Clinical Assessment and Management of Depressive Cognitive Disorders: Integrating Social Work, Nursing Practice, and Clinical Pathology in Patient-Centered Care

Background: Depressive cognitive disorder—historically termed pseudodementia—is a reversible or partially reversible cognitive impairment arising from underlying depressive or neuropsychiatric conditions. Its presentation often overlaps with neurodegenerative dementias, complicating diagnosis and delaying appropriate management. Aim: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the etiology, epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical evaluation, and management of depressive cognitive disorders to support early recognition and improve interdisciplinary care. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of contemporary clinical literature was performed, addressing neurochemical, structural, endocrine, genetic, and psychosocial contributors to depressive cognitive decline. The article integrates findings from neuropsychological testing frameworks, neuroimaging studies, and validated depression rating scales commonly used in older adults. Results: Evidence indicates that depressive cognitive disorders stem from multifactorial mechanisms, including serotonergic dysfunction, hippocampal and amygdala abnormalities, HPA axis hyperactivity, circadian disruption, maladaptive cognitive patterns, and psychosocial stress. Prevalence is high among older adults, with cognitive impairment present in up to 94% of patients during depressive episodes. Despite reversibility in many cases, up to 70% of individuals with depression related cognitive impairment may progress to dementia over time. Effective management requires SSRIs or SNRIs as first line therapies, complemented by ECT, psychotherapy, caregiver support, and lifestyle interventions. Conclusion: Depressive cognitive disorder is a complex condition requiring multidimensional assessment and interprofessional management. Early identification and targeted treatment can improve cognitive and functional outcomes, though long term prognosis varies.