Ral GDP Dissociation Stimulator and Ral GTPase Are Involved in Myocardial Hypertrophy

Ras-related GTPase (Ral) is converted to the GTP-bound form by Ral GDP dissociation stimulator (Ral-GDS), a putative effector protein of Ras. Although a number of studies indicate that Ras induces cardiac hypertrophy, the functional role of Ral-GDS/Ral signaling pathway is as yet unknown in cardiac myocytes. We investigated the role of the Ral-GDS/Ral pathway in cardiac hypertrophy. Transfection of Ral-GDS and constitutively active mutant of Ral (RalG23V) in cultured rat neonatal myocytes stimulated promoter activity of c- fos (5.4-fold and 2.6-fold, P <0.01), α-skeletal actin (2.7-fold and 2.1-fold, P <0.01), and β-myosin heavy chain-luciferase (2.8-fold and 2.3-fold, P <0.01). Ral-GDS–induced or RalG23V-induced promoter activation was increased synergistically with activated Ras (RasG12V). Dominant-negative mutant of Ral (RalS28N) partially inhibited RasG12V induced promoter activation. Cardiac myocytes transfected with RalG23V showed increased cell size compared with nontransfected or vector-transfected cells (2.1-fold, P <0.01). Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) upregulated Ral-GDS mRNA expression and induced Ral activation. CT-1–induced Ral-GDS mRNA expression was inhibited by overexpression of the dominant-negative mutant of STAT3. Moreover, Ral activity was elevated in hypertrophied hearts (2.1-fold, P <0.01) by mechanical stress in association with increased CT-1 expression and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in the rat aortic banding model. Ral-GDS/Ral pathway is involved in a wide range of gene expressions and is activated by hypertrophic stimuli in vitro and in vivo. SATA3 may play a key role in Ral-GDS expression and Ral activation. Our data provide evidence that the Ral-GDS/Ral signaling pathway is a link to the process of cardiac hypertrophy.