Optimal Dispatch of Integrated Electricity-Thermal-Hydrogen Energy System with Gas-Solid Hybrid Hydrogen Storage Considering Flexible Operation Characteristics

With the increasingly prominent role of hydrogen energy storage technology in the global transition toward green energy, integrated electricity‑thermal‑hydrogen energy systems (ETH‑IES) have become a major research focus in the energy field. This paper proposes a novel hybrid energy storage system integrating gas‑solid hybrid hydrogen storage (GSHS), battery storage (BAT), and thermal storage (TST), and develops an ETH‑IES architecture that incorporates this hybrid storage configuration. Furthermore, a time‑of‑use dispatch optimization strategy for ETH‑IES is presented, which accounts for load demand response, equipment degradation, operational characteristics, and safety constraints. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed dispatch strategy and the performance of the hybrid energy storage system are verified and analyzed. Results demonstrate that under the time‑of‑use optimization strategy, the ETH‑IES can operate economically and reliably across different regions, renewable energy outputs, and load demand scenarios, while effectively enhancing the operational flexibility of both gaseous hydrogen storage tanks (GHST) and metal hydride‑based hydrogen storage tanks (MHHST). In addition, compared with hybrid storage systems that integrate only a single GHST or a single MHHST with BAT and TST, the proposed hybrid energy storage system exhibits superior performance in terms of economy, reliability, and flexibility.