Digital technologies and cybersecurity of transport infrastructure: challenges for rail transport

The paper examines the growing importance of cybersecurity in rail transport within the broader framework of critical infrastructure protection. The ongoing digital transformation across all sectors of the economy increasingly affects the functioning of the railway system, which constitutes a strategic component of the national transport network. The adoption of information and communication technologies, as well as industrial automation, has facilitated the deployment of advanced solutions, such as intelligent traffic management systems and predictive maintenance tools, for railway infrastructure. These technologies have significantly enhanced the efficiency, safety, and reliability of transport operations; however, they have also introduced new and complex cybersecurity challenges. The progressive integration of information technology and operational technology systems increases the vulnerability of transport infrastructure to cyber threats that may result in service disruptions, data integrity breaches, or the reduced availability of critical functions. The article underscores the necessity of developing and maintaining an effective cybersecurity management framework in the transport sector, incorporating incident response mechanisms, threat intelligence sharing, and the adoption of standardized procedures and best practices aimed at safeguarding digital assets. Particular attention is devoted to the role of AI as a key driver of digital transformation in the transport sector. Although AI-based technologies enhance operational efficiency and enable greater process automation, their deployment simultaneously introduces a new set of challenges. These challenges primarily relate to data quality and security, system interoperability, and ensuring the transparency and reliability of algorithms used within critical transport infrastructure. The authors emphasize that effective cybersecurity management requires a holistic and integrated approach that combines technical, organizational, legal, and human capital dimensions. Equally important is fostering close cooperation among infrastructure managers, transport authorities, and carriers to ensure a coordinated and resilient cybersecurity framework across the entire transport ecosystem.