Revisiting antibiotic stewardship: veterinary contributions to combating antimicrobial resistance globally

Abstract Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health threat, compromising the effectiveness of essential medicines and endangering food security, economic stability, and environmental sustainability. The widespread misuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine, particularly in intensive livestock production, has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. While high-income countries have implemented regulatory measures to control antibiotic use, low- and middle-income countries continue to face challenges due to weak regulatory frameworks, inadequate access to diagnostics, and the limited availability of alternative treatments. Addressing antimicrobial resistance aligns with Sustainable Development Goal 3, which promotes good health and well-being, and Sustainable Development Goal 12, which emphasizes responsible consumption and production. Main body Veterinary antibiotic stewardship plays a crucial role in mitigating antimicrobial resistance by promoting responsible antimicrobial use in livestock and companion animals without compromising productivity. Successful interventions, such as Denmark’s “Yellow Card” scheme and the Netherlands’ targeted reduction programs, demonstrate how stringent regulations, improved diagnostics, and alternative treatment strategies can significantly reduce antibiotic consumption. However, implementation remains difficult in low- and middle-income countries, where financial and technical barriers limit enforcement and surveillance efforts. The One Health framework provides a holistic strategy, integrating human, animal, and environmental health to address zoonotic transmission pathways and environmental reservoirs of resistance. Expanding surveillance networks, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and investing in research on alternatives—such as vaccines, probiotics, and phytochemicals—are essential for sustainable antimicrobial resistance control. Conclusion Veterinary antibiotic stewardship is integral to combating antimicrobial resistance and achieving Sustainable Development Goals 3 and 12. The One Health framework strengthens cross-sectoral collaboration, ensuring that mitigation efforts account for human, animal, and environmental health. Moving forward, global policy harmonization, increased funding for alternative antimicrobial strategies, and capacity-building in resource-limited settings are essential to ensuring equitable access to stewardship interventions. Strengthening regulatory enforcement and promoting innovation in diagnostics and antimicrobial alternatives will be key to safeguarding public health and preserving the effectiveness of antibiotics for future generations.