The Baranja earthquakes of 1922 and 1924

In regions of low seismicity, such as Baranja in northeastern Croatia, seismic hazard assessments rely heavily on the detailed characterization of the few largest known earthquakes. This study focuses on the two strongest historical earthquakes in the area, macroseismic data from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia. The number of intensity observations for the earthquake of 1922 was expanded from 106 to 278, whereas the previously macroseismically not analysed event of 1924 is decribed by 14 data points. Using a modified Kövesligethy–Jánosi model that accounts for intensity anisotropy in the epicentral area, we inverted the macroseismic fields to relocate the epicentres and estimate focal depths and magnitudes. Both events were relocated near the village of Zmajevac, within the Bansko Brdo tectonic unit, close to its boundary with the Drava depression. The 1922 epicentre moved 13 km north-northeast of the original location in the which occurred on 24 November 1922 and 12 August 1924. We re-evaluated these events using newly collected Croatian Earthquake Catalogue (CEC), while the 1924 epicentre shifted 22 km westward. Revised moment magnitudes are Mwm 5.3 and Mwm 4.4 for the 1922 and 1924 events, respectively. Estimated focal depths are shallower than previously listed: 11 km and 8 km, compared to the 18 km and 14 km in CEC. These results indicate that significant seismicity in Baranja is confined to the Bansko Brdo unit, with no evidence of strong earthquakes or faults with sufficient seismogenic potential in the Drava Depression or Northern Baranja–Bačka units. This has important implications for regional seismic hazard estimates. Furthermore, we find no instrumental support for the largest catalogued aftershock of the 1922 event and propose its removal. Finally, we interpret the 1924 earthquake as a late aftershock of the 1922 mainshock, suggesting a dependent relationship between the two.