Pharmacological Review on Orthopoxvirus

Monkeypox is an emerging viral zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus, which is particularly significant as it is endemic to Central and Western Africa. This disease is rare and manifests with a rash resembling that of smallpox. However, its transmission between individuals beyond close contact is limited, and the case fatality rates for monkeypox are notably lower than those associated with smallpox. In light of smallpox's eradication, it is essential to accurately diagnose monkeypox symptoms in endemic regions. The monkeypox virus was first identified in laboratory settings in 1958, with the initial human case documented in Africa in 1970. A notable outbreak occurred in 1997, affecting 88 individuals and resulting in three fatalities, all among children and infants under three years old. The clinical presentation of monkeypox resembles that of ordinary smallpox, featuring flu-like symptoms, fever, malaise, back pain, headache and distinctive rashes. Human transmission primarily occurs through direct contact with infected animals or by consuming undercooked animal meat. Infection can also result from contact with mucosal lesions on these animals. Accurate laboratory diagnosis is crucial, as monkeypox can easily be mistaken for other pox-like illnesses. Currently, there are no approved treatments specifically for monkeypox; however, the smallpox vaccine can offer protection against the virus. The cessation of routine smallpox vaccinations in the 1980s has increased the vulnerability of the human population to monkeypox infections. Effective prevention strategies focus on minimizing contact with infected patients or animals and reducing respiratory exposure to those infected.