Biohydrogen Production: A Review of Current Trends and Future Prospects

Abstract Growing concerns regarding climate change and fossil fuel depletion have spurred the development of clean and sustainable energy sources. Biohydrogen, a carbon-neutral fuel produced using biological processes, has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional fossil fuels. This review delves into the diverse landscape of biohydrogen production methods, encompassing light-dependent (photolysis, photofermentation) and light-independent (dark fermentation, microbial electrolysis) techniques. The study analyzes the advantages and limitations of each approach, exploring strategies for integrating these methods to enhance biohydrogen yield and optimize production efficiency. Additionally, the study discusses the critical role of various factors, including microbial selection, substrate utilization, and operational parameters, in maximizing hydrogen output. Furthermore, it assesses the potential of novel strategies like biomimetics and synthetic biology to further advance biohydrogen production. Finally, this study will showcase the economic considerations and challenges associated with large-scale biohydrogen production, outlining practical approaches for overcoming these hurdles and paving the way towards a sustainable future powered by biohydrogen.