Impact of Blood Donation on Immune Function and Donor Health Recovery

Abstract Background Blood donation could potentially affect immune function and donor health. Most studies have centered on hematological alterations after donation; however, studies on various immune parameters and recovery dynamics are sparse. Objective This study aims to investigate the immune function, donor health, and recovery dynamics after blood donation. Methods Healthy adult blood donors (n = 108) were recruited and evaluated at four time points: baseline (pre-donation), immediately after donation, 1-week post-donation, and 4-weeks post-donation. Blood samples were collected to study white blood cell (WBC) count, lymphocyte subtypes (CD4 + T-cells, CD8 + T-cells, B-cells), and Ig levels (IgG, IgA, IgM) in serum. Donors filled out a self-report questionnaire regarding post-donation symptoms, including fatigue, dizziness, and lightheadedness. The assessment involved statistical analyses using paired t-test, repeated measures ANOVA, and linear regression. Results Blood donation resulted in immediate post-donation decreases in WBC count, lymphocyte subtypes, and immunoglobulin levels, with restoration to pre-donation levels by 4 weeks. The largest decrease was seen in CD4 + T-cells and IgG levels. Post-donation symptoms of fatigue and dizziness were frequently reported immediately post-donation, though most had recovered by 1 week. Recovery was prolonged in older and frequent donors; however, the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion Temporary immune suppression occurs following blood donation, but recovery to baseline is typically achieved within 4 weeks. Post-donation symptoms, while common, tend to be mild and transient. Consequently, blood donation appears to be generally safe for most healthy individuals, with some delayed recovery observed among older and frequent donors.