A Human–Machine Interaction Mechanism: Additive Manufacturing for Industry 5.0—Design and Management

Industry 5.0 is an emerging value-driven manufacturing model in which human–machine interface-oriented intelligent manufacturing is one of the core concepts. Based on the theoretical human–cyber–physical system (HCPS), a reference framework for human–machine collaborative additive manufacturing for Industry 5.0 is proposed. This framework establishes a three-level product–economy–ecology model and explains the basic concept of human–machine collaborative additive manufacturing by considering the intrinsic characteristics and functional evolution of additive manufacturing technology. Key enabling technologies for product development process design are discussed, including the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), digital twin (DT) technology, extended reality, and intelligent materials. Additionally, the typical applications of human–machine collaborative additive manufacturing in the product, economic, and ecological layers are discussed, including personalized product design, interactive manufacturing, human–machine interaction (HMI) technology for the process chain, collaborative design, distributed manufacturing, and energy conservation and emission reductions. By developing the theory of the HCPS, for the first time its core concepts, key technologies, and typical scenarios are systematically elaborated to promote the transformation of additive manufacturing towards the Industry 5.0 paradigm of human–machine collaboration and to better meet the personalized needs of users.