USE OF EPHEMEROPTERA AS A BIOINDICATOR FOR ASSESSING SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN INDONESIA

Ephemeroptera nymphs are globally recognized for their sensitivity to decreased oxygen levels in aquatic habitats, leading to their frequent use as biological indicators in various monitoring projects worldwide. However, studies utilizing Ephemeroptera in Indonesia have remained largely unknown. This study aims to document the use of Ephemeroptera as bioindicators for assessing surface water quality status in Indonesia. This includes understanding their distribution and the types of surface water habitats that have been investigated using this order as an indicator. There are 47 published papers utilizing Ephemeroptera as a bioindicator for assessing surface water health in Indonesia which were gathered through Google Scholar. Bioindicator studies utilizing Ephemeroptera in Indonesia have only emerged in the last decade. Currently, research on Ephemeroptera as bioindicators for surface waters has predominantly focused on Java Island. Regions on other islands remain relatively understudied, particularly in eastern Indonesia. River habitats lead in the number of observed habitat types. With this knowledge, future research on utilizing Ephemeroptera as bioindicators should prioritize areas beyond Java Island and focus on habitat types that have been less explored, including irrigation canals, paddy fields, waterfalls, wetlands, and springs.