Norman Stone Castles (2): Europe 950-1204 (Fortress)

The castle was far more than a walled and turreted fortress; it was an instrument of social control and the symbol of power, authority, and wealth. Acknowledged expert Marilyn Stok...

Designed to dominate the surrounding area, to house powerful garrisons, offer sumptuous quarters for local nobility, and to discourage and repel enemy attacks, castles dominated En...

The widespread construction of castles in Britain began as soon as Duke William of Normandy set foot on the shores of southern England in 1066. The castles that were constructed in...

The American Revolution inspired new movements with a longing to restore what they believed was a primitive and pure form of the church, uncorrupted by the accretions of the centur...

Five centuries after the expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain, Europe is once again becoming a land of Islam. At the beginning of a new millennium, and in an era marked as one ...

Abstract This important addition to the literature is the first overall study of the architecture of Norman England since Sir Alfred Clapham's English Romanesque ...

The Stone of Scone is neither ornate nor decorative, but rather is plain, heavy, and unwieldy. Yet this stone’s plain appearance is not matched with a plain history; it has been st...

The Norman Conquest is one of the most momentous events in English history and its consequences changed England forever. Indeed, the Battle of Hastings and its aftermath nearly wip...