Inoculation of native symbiotic effective Sinorhizobium spp. enhanced soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grain yield in Ethiopia

AbstractBackgroundSoybean [Glycine max(L) Merr.] is an annual leguminous crop serving as a source of food and feed, green manure, biodiesel and fiber. It is nodulated by diverse slow growing and fast growing rhizobia belonging to the genusBradyrhizobiumandSinorhizobium, respectively. In Ethiopia, it has been cultivated since 1950s with lower grain yield history. Yield improvement efforts have been more concentrated on agronomic studies, inoculation of exoticBradyrhizobium japonicumincluding TAL379 and/or fertilizer application. The results have usually been unsatisfactory and inconsistent. This study was initiated to identify promising indigenous soybean rhizobial inoculant that can enhance yield of the crop in the country.MethodsNative soybean rhizobia, designated GMR forGlycine maxrhizobia, were trapped using soybean (cv. Ethio-Yugoslavia) from soils collected across agro-ecologies of Ethiopia. They were screened for in vitro tolerance against physico-chemical stresses, plant growth promoting (PGP) traits and symbiotic performances at greenhouse and field levels. A referenceB. japonicum(TAL379) was included in all experiments. A soybean plant growth promotingAchromobactersp. was also included in field trials for co-inoculation. Quantitative data were assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) employing SAS computer software package version 9.3. Mean separations were undertaken using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at p ≤ 0.05. Phenotypic variability of the test bacteria was undertaken using PAST4.03 Computer Software.ResultGMR that produced acid and grew faster with larger colonies were identified asSinorhizobiumspp. and those which produced alkali and grew slowly with smaller colonies were identified asBradyrhizobiumspp. though further genetic analysis should be performed for verification and identification of their genus and species, respectively. TwoSinorhizobiumspp. (GMR120C and GMR125B) profoundly nodulated different soybean cultivars under greenhouse conditions and significantly improved grain yield (p ≤ 0.05; maximum 3.98 tons ha−1) compared to 2.41, 2.82 and 2.69 recorded as maximum grain yield (tons ha−1) for TAL379 inoculation, positive control and negative control, respectively in field trials. Higher yield was recorded when GMR125B was co-inoculated withAchromobactersp., but when GMR120C was inoculated singly. These GMR also showed efficient utilization of numerous substrates, some PGP traits and potential adaptation to various ecological stresses.ConclusionThe twoSinorhizobiumspp. (GMR120C and GMR125B) are promising soybean inoculants that can be used to enhance the productivity of the crop in the country.