TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY TECHNIQUES

Introduction: Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most effective and successful surgical interventions within the orthopedic specialty. THA offers consistent results for patients suffering from advanced degenerative osteoarthritis of the hip (OA), mainly by relieving pain, restoring function and improving overall quality of life. Objective: detail current information related to total hip arthroplasty techniques, as well as anatomy, physiology, indications, contraindications, history, preparation, preoperative evaluation, technique, treatment and complications of total hip arthroplasty. Methodology: a total of 42 articles were analyzed in this review, including review and original articles, as well as clinical cases, of which 30 bibliographies were used because the other articles were not relevant to this study. The sources of information were PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane; the terms used to search for information in Spanish, Portuguese and English were: hip arthroplasty, hip prosthesis, osteoarthrosis, osteonecrosis. Results: analysis of the 30 articles reviewed reveals that the most commonly used surgical approaches for CTA are posterior, direct anterior (DA) and anterolateral, with the posterior approach being the most common, although it presents a slightly higher risk of postoperative dislocation. Wound closure technique plays a crucial role in preventing complications, and the use of barbed sutures and a sterile dressing is recommended to ensure stability and adequate recovery. Regarding deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, aspirin has proven to be an effective option, comparable to more traditional agents such as heparin. The most common complications identified in the studies were dislocations, periprosthetic fractures and wound-related problems, which require appropriate management during postoperative follow-up. Conclusions: total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an effective and widely used procedure for the treatment of advanced osteoarthritis and other hip pathologies that do not respond to conservative treatments. Its evolution from its first applications in the 19th century to modern techniques has led to a significant improvement in clinical and functional outcomes, with a marked reduction in pain and improvement in patients' quality of life. Although the main indications for surgery include hip osteoarthritis and osteonecrosis, the technique should be tailored to the individual conditions and characteristics of each patient, considering factors such as anatomy, comorbidities and post-surgical expectations. A comprehensive approach during preoperative, surgical and postoperative management is essential to optimize outcomes and minimize complications. KEY WORDS: arthroplasty, hip, prosthesis, osteoarthrosis.