Ethical Dilemma of Ghost, Guest, and Gift Authorship in Biomedical Research

Biomedical literature serves as the foundation of scientific progress, facilitating the dissemination of research findings to clinicians, researchers, and policymakers, promoting innovation, and guiding medical practices. However, the credibility of this knowledge depends on the transparency and ethical rigor maintained during its production. The authorship in biomedical research is more than a marker of contribution; it signifies accountability and intellectual ownership. With the increasing complexity of collaborative research and the pressure to "publish or perish," authorship has evolved into a highly sought credential, influencing academic promotions, funding opportunities, and professional recognition. This emphasis on publishing has created a competitive environment in which ethical lapses frequently occur, including the omission of contributors (ghost authorship), the inclusion of unqualified authors (guest authorship), and the attribution of authorship as a favor (gift authorship). These practices distort the academic record, misrepresent contributions, and threaten the integrity of the scientific record.