Aza‐BODIPY‐Derived Fluorescent Probe for Cancer Cell Imaging and Combined PDT/PTT Applications

ABSTRACT The global health landscape continues to be challenged by cancer, prompting ongoing investigations aimed at developing treatments that are both less invasive and more effective. Photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal (PTT) treatments have gained prominence due to their efficacy in inhibiting tumors while minimizing impact on surrounding healthy tissues. The integration of these methodologies with fluorescent molecular imaging (FMI), recognized for its significant potential in early cancer detection, presents a compelling noninvasive treatment strategy. Near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes, including cyanine dyes and boron‐dipyrromethene (BODIPY) derivatives, along with aza‐BODIPY derivatives, represent some of the most efficient organic small molecules employed in cancer FMI and phototherapy. Their robust tissue penetration, minimal light scattering, and reduced autofluorescence make these compounds highly suitable for biological applications. Aza‐BODIPY, a derivative from the organoboron family of BODIPY, is notable for its exceptional spectral properties, featuring red‐shifted absorption and elevated molar extinction coefficients that enhance both imaging and therapeutic outcomes. This study examines potential modifications to aza‐BODIPY aimed at enhancing its effectiveness in phototherapy and cancer detection, thereby expanding its application as a versatile tool for effective cancer treatment strategies.