Core bacteria associated with hyphosphere of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum over spatial and temporal differences

Background Bacteria and fungi co-inhabit the soil microbiome in dynamic interactions. In the rhizosphere, fungi and bacteria have been studied to synergistically colonize soil as beneficial or as antagonists to form a pathobiome. These variations of soil bacterial community from pathogen and nonpathogen form of FOSC have been researched, however the bacterial community within the hyphosphere has yet to be studied thoroughly for direct pathogen interkingdom interactions. This study used 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a to decipher the bacteriome diversity associated with the hyphosphere of three isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 (FON2) with temporal and spatial differences. Results Our results show a core microbiome that is shared among the three isolates regardless of the differences of spatial and temporal differences. The core hyphosphere community visualized as a ternary plot was made up 15 OTUs which were associated with all three FON2. Although a few operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were significantly correlated with a particular isolate of FON2, reported in the LDA (p<0.05), these OTUs were still present as part of the core in all isolates. Co-occurrence analysis and correlation plot identified a negative correlation among most of the microbiota which may indicate a positive correlation to the FON2 that is not tested. Conclusions The study indicates a core microbiota associated with FON2 regardless of the isolate’s temporal and spatial differences. Through our results we provide insights into the microbe-microbe dynamic of the pathogen’s success and its ability to recruit a core pathobiome. Our research promotes the concept of pathogens not being lone invaders but recruits from the established host microbiome to form a pathobiome.