Perioperative Safety in Patient Under Oral Anticoagulation During Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate

Introduction and Objectives: To evaluate the safety of holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) in patients on oral anticoagulation (OA) with respect to intra- and postoperative bleeding complications. Methods: Between January 2013 and October 2016, 2178 patients were included in this study, of whom 94 received direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) and 151 received vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) before HoLEP. All patients either ceased OA (DOACs) or were bridged subtherapeutically (VKAs, international normalized ratio <2) during surgery. These patients were compared to a sample size of 1933 nonanticoagulated patients. Results: A significant longer postoperative stay was noted for the patients on DOACs (5.2 [4–6] days) and VKAs (5.3 [4–5] days) compared to the control group (4.5 [4–4] days). The mean drop in hemoglobin was significantly higher in the VKA group compared to the DOAC and control group. There was a significantly higher rate of postoperative bladder tamponades/secondary coagulation in patients on OA with 6 (7.9%)/3 (3.9%) patients in the DOAC group, 10 (7.4%)/6 (4.4%) patients in the VKA group compared to 37 (2.2%)/21 (2.1%) patients in the control group, respectively ( p  < 0.001). Eight patients required blood transfusions with a distribution of 1 (1.3%), 3 (2.2%), and 4 (0.2%) patients in the DOAC, VKA, and control group, respectively ( p  < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that bridged patients who's DOACs and VKAs were ceased before HoLEP are at higher risk of intra- and postoperative bleeding complications. Nonetheless, HoLEP appears to be a safe and effective procedure in those patients.