Factors affecting food security and poverty analysis among rural households in the North-Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia

Background: Ethiopia frequently experiences food insecurity due to recurrent droughts, food shortages, and famine. Understanding the determinants of food security and the extent of poverty is crucial for effective intervention. Objectives: This study aimed to identify key factors influencing food security and analyze poverty levels among rural households in the North-Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia. Methods: A mixed-methods research design was employed, utilizing both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to select 382 households, focus group discussants, and key informants. Quantitative data on food security and poverty indicators were analyzed using binary logistic regression (for determinants) and the Foster–Greer–Thorbecke (FGT) model (for poverty measurement). Results: The FGT analysis indicated that the incidence, depth, and severity of food insecurity were 55, 18, and 8%, respectively. The Belg (spring) livelihood zone and female-headed households exhibited higher food insecurity, while the Meher (autumn) livelihood zone demonstrated better food security. The binary logistic regression identified 12 significant determinants of food security (P < 0.05), including livelihood zone, education level, sex of household head, family size, off-farm income, land size, number of land plots, number of oxen, use of chemical fertilizer, household head’s health status, experience of conflict, and access to remittances. Conclusion: Household food security in the study area is significantly influenced by a complex interplay of socio-economic, agricultural, and environmental factors and poverty levels remain high in the study area. Interventions aimed at improving food security in the North-Eastern Highlands of Ethiopia should adopt a multi-faceted approach, addressing factors such as education, access to resources, agricultural productivity, and household vulnerability to shocks like conflict and illness. Collaborative efforts by government, non-governmental organizations, and local stakeholders are crucial for achieving sustainable improvements in food security.