Childhood Maltreatment and Midlife Mortality: A Prospective Investigation

Previous studies have reported mixed findings regarding the relationship between childhood maltreatment and midlife mortality. To fill gaps in the literature, we examine the impact of childhood maltreatment on midlife mortality and test potential explanations for the relationship. Using a prospective cohort design, individuals with documented histories of childhood maltreatment (ages 0–11 years) during 1967–1971 and a demographically matched control group were followed into midlife. The National Death Index and Social Security Death Index were searched for all individuals ( N = 1575) to determine date and cause of death. Individuals who survived were interviewed in 1989–1995 (M age = 29). By 2023, 18% ( N = 283) had died. Contrary to expectations, there were no significant differences in midlife mortality between maltreated and control groups overall. Incidence rates for maltreated females were higher than for control females. Physically abused males were at decreased risk of midlife mortality. Among individuals interviewed in young adulthood, being female reduced risk, whereas lower SES and suicide attempt increased risk for midlife mortality. Childhood maltreatment, alcohol, drugs, anxiety, depression, smoking, and violent arrests did not. SES and problematic behaviors appear to play an important role in understanding midlife mortality and suggest targets for intervention.