The popular sovereignty continuum: Civil and political society in contemporary South Africa

Partha Chatterjee’s work on postcolonial politics articulates the limits of participation and governance in contexts of stark inequality. Chatterjee’s argument can be stretched within the South African context of protest and political contestation as it demonstrates that civil and political societies are fluid, political categories. From student to shack dweller movements, political society in South Africa disrupts top-down, dichotomous notions of ‘administration’ or ‘governance’. I outline that the interactions between Chatterjee’s political and civil society overlap with one another, but importantly, that this overlap determines the broader, shifting continuum of popular sovereignty that these two fields act within. Ordinary ‘populations’ of political society are able to infiltrate the ‘sanitized walls’ of civil society, contexts in which ‘political society’ sometimes draws on the language of rights and institutions such as the courts as well as practices of mobilization and disruption. South African mobilization illustrates the usefulness of engaging with the inequalities of governance via categories of civil and political society, but also shows that these are complicated and contested fields within the country’s political and democratic framework. We cannot understand the notions of either political or civil society without contextualizing these processes within a framework that allows for the shifting continuum, and acknowledgement of the possibility of the existence of popular sovereignty. It is this broader, structural categorization, within which the forces of political and civil society fluidly interact that we need to conceptualize popular sovereignty in Chatterjee’s description of ‘most of the world.’