A potential approach for in vitro bone tissue engineering: expression of BMP-2 and FGF-2 on nano Ch-CA scaffolds

Background: Alveolar bone resorption after tooth extraction is a physiological process that cannot be avoided. The traditional approach to treating bone defects is frequently ineffective, but gene therapy, which aims to maintain the local concentration of bone growth factors at a therapeutic level, is a promising method for expediting bone defect repair. One of the polymer materials, which have been developed in bone regeneration is chitosan (Ch). Ch in the form of nanoparticles is neutral, not toxic, and has constant stability. To Enhance the bone regeneration properties of the graft substitution, nano chitosan-carbonate apatite scaffold (nano Ch-CA scaffold) combined with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and fibroblast growth factors-2 (FGF-2) were developed. BMP-2 and FGF-2 have osteoinducing properties and functions in regulating the process of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of osteoblasts. Purpose: To observe the expression of BMP-2 and FGF-2 on a nano Ch-CA scaffold that promotes osteogenesis in vitro. Materials and Methods: Forty-two nano Ch-CA scaffolds were used and divided into 2 groups, namely group I containing osteoblast cells seeded on nano Ch-CA scaffold with BMP-2, and group II containing osteoblast cells seeded on nano Ch-CA scaffold with FGF-2. Expression of BMP-2 and FGF-2 were examined on days 3, 5, and 7. Each time of examination consisted of 7 nano Ch-CA scaffold. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) test was used to assess the levels of BMP-2 and FGF2 expression on nano Ch-CA scaffold in vitro. Results: The cylindrical nano Ch-CA scaffold that was prepared had a uniform size distribution. The BMP-2 and FGF-2 expression levels were significantly increased on days 3, 5, and 7 of observation. It is possible to infer that encouraging osteogenesis on nano Ch-CA scaffold in vitro. Conclusion: The nano Ch-CA scaffold shows good handling properties when combined with BMP-2 and FGF-2. The osteogenic capabilities of osteoblast cells are effectively promoted in vitro by the expression of BMP-2 and FGF-2 on a nano Ch-CA scaffold.