Grapevine Diversity and New Challenges in Grape Production

Grape production is one of the main agricultural activities worldwide, being an activity distributed across all geographies. This production results from the cultivation of a plant, the vine, belonging to the genus , which includes a group of several different species. This fact results in the existence of a high diversity of grapes in terms of shape, color, and chemical composition. However, in all grape-producing countries, there is an enormous and complex set of challenges, particularly due to climate change that affects grape production. Thus, all viticultural activity is constantly changing to optimize and make production profitable. In this context, new technologies are being used, making viticulture an activity where innovation is essential to face new production challenges. Thus, this chapter initially aims to provide an overview of the genetic diversity related to the different grape varieties cultivated and an updated overview of the main geographies associated with grape production. Next, it will address the issues related to grape production, considering the various climate variables that are constantly changing. Finally, some of the most recent technologies used in precision viticulture are also discussed, namely the use of non-invasive technologies such as spectroscopy, multispectral and hyperspectral imaging, thermography, among others. Thus, this chapter aims to provide a general perspective of the dynamics associated with the production of grapes for their various purposes, namely as table grapes, dried fruit, or in their use to produce grape juice or wine.