Species Diversity of Butterfly (Lepidoptera) in District Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

This study examines the diversity of butterfly species in District Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, conducted from September 2023 to August 2024. The district is ecologically diverse, with varied habitats ranging from rugged mountains to fertile agricultural land, providing an ideal environment for butterfly populations. A total of 15 species were recorded from four butterfly families: Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Pieridae, and Lycaenidae, with the genus Papilio exhibiting the highest species richness, including Papilio bianor (Common Peacock) and Papilio machaon (Common Swallowtail). Seasonal variations in butterfly abundance were observed, with species like Papilio paris found throughout the year and others, such as Papilio bianor and Eurema hecabe, primarily in spring and summer. The study highlights the importance of maintaining heterogeneous landscapes for promoting butterfly diversity and emphasizes the threats posed by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and agricultural expansion. Conservation strategies, including habitat protection, the establishment of butterfly sanctuaries, and community engagement, are crucial in mitigating the impacts of urbanization and climate change on butterfly populations. The findings underline the potential of District Dir Upper as a biodiversity hotspot and contribute valuable insights into the ecological roles of butterflies as indicators of environmental health. Further studies should focus on molecular analysis to refine species identification and enhance conservation efforts.