From Gozan to Okamura Shigeru: A Study on the Changing Evaluations of Tao Yuanming

Abstract: Tao Yuanming(), known as the "foremost recluse poet of all time", has had a considerable influence in Japan. During the Gozan period, literati generally regarded Tao as a symbol of reclusive spirit, expressing admiration for his life and ideals through their poetry. However, Kokan Shiren was an exception, offering the first moral critique of Tao, labeling him as an "arrogant official" and suggesting that his resignation from office and retreat into reclusion was an escape from social responsibility. By the 20th century, the Japanese sinologist Okamura Shigeru completely overturned the traditional Japanese view of Tao, presenting him as a figure full of contradictions and driven by the pursuit of fame and fortune, with his reclusion motivated by a desire for personal gain. A comparison of these two perspectives reveals that the Gozan period's acceptance of Tao Yuanming was influenced by Zen Buddhism, whereas Okamura Shigeru's research reflects the critical analysis of Chinese literature emerging during Japans modernization process. The differences between the two demonstrate the evolution of cultural and academic positions, as well as research methodologies, across different historical contexts.