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Plurality
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Plurality was disadvantageous in five of the six plurality countries. In Venezuela, a long-standing duopoly broke down in 1993; in 1998, after decades of political exclusion, the extreme leftist Hugo Chávez was elected, and his continuation in power was facilitated by problems of strategic coordination under plurality. In Nicaragua, the Liberal Party divided in 2006, enabling the victory of the extreme leftist Daniel Ortega. In both Mexico and Paraguay, long-standing parties were cartel parties that exploited the difficulties of strategic coordination by the opposition. In Honduras, a duopoly died from within, when a Liberal president shifted left; in 2013, elites worried about a plurality victory for a candidate they feared was at the extreme left. Only in Panama, where the number of parties was larger and a new, leftist party did not emerge, was plurality not fraught.
Title: Plurality
Description:
Plurality was disadvantageous in five of the six plurality countries.
In Venezuela, a long-standing duopoly broke down in 1993; in 1998, after decades of political exclusion, the extreme leftist Hugo Chávez was elected, and his continuation in power was facilitated by problems of strategic coordination under plurality.
In Nicaragua, the Liberal Party divided in 2006, enabling the victory of the extreme leftist Daniel Ortega.
In both Mexico and Paraguay, long-standing parties were cartel parties that exploited the difficulties of strategic coordination by the opposition.
In Honduras, a duopoly died from within, when a Liberal president shifted left; in 2013, elites worried about a plurality victory for a candidate they feared was at the extreme left.
Only in Panama, where the number of parties was larger and a new, leftist party did not emerge, was plurality not fraught.
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